wheat growing states in india

By and large Agro-climatic regions have formed the basis of wheat zoning. In  addition cultutural practices, land use, adaptability of varieties and diseases spectrum have been considered. It is obvious that the boundaries of the agro-climatic regions may not always be co-terminus with boundaries of the wheat zones. Two or more wheat zones may be falling in one agro-climatic region and vice versa. Mainly 29 wheat states have been identified for wheat growing.Two or more wheat zones may be falling in one agro-climatic region and vice versa.

Assam	Andhra Pradesh	Arunachal Pradesh	Bihar
Chhattisgarh	Delhi	Goa	Gujarat
Himachal Pradesh	Haryana	Jharkhand	Jammu and Kashmir
Karnataka	Meghalaya	Maharashtra	Manipur
Madhya Pradesh	Mizoram	Nagaland	Orissa
Punjab	Rajasthan	Sikkim	Tamil Nadu
Tripura	Uttar Pradesh	Uttaranchal	West Bengal

wheat history india

Growing of Wheat in India began very early in prehistoric times. This makes the origin of its cultivation as a matter of speculation. As per the historians records its center of origin is South West Asia. It is believed that Aryans brought wheat grains to India, since then it has been cultivated in India. After independence research on development of high yielding wheat varieties and improved management practices have been carried out in this country for the last several decades and many valuable varieties were bred and released for commercial cultivation. These varieties were tall and mainly suited to low management with low yield potential However, a turning point came in the history of wheat in 1963 with the introduction of dwarf, photo-insensitive high yielding Mexican wheat breeding materials developed by Nobel Laureate Dr. Norman E. Borlaug. In the year 1964, these varieties were tested at 155 locations under All India Co-ordinated Wheat Improvement Project, where Lerma Rojo and Sonara-64 out yielded the local tall varieties. As a result in 1965 both these varieties were released for general cultivation in wheat growing areas of the country. After sometime, these varieties were replaced by amber-seeded high yielding wheat varieties and since then so many dwarf varieties have been evolved for cultivation in different agro climatic zones.

wheat india

Wheat is the second most important staple food after rice consumed by 65% of the population in India and is likely to increase further due to changes in food habits. Wheat is mostly consumed in the form of chapati in our country for which bread wheat is cultivated in nearly 95 per cent of the cropped area. Durum wheat, which is most suitable for making macaroni, noodles, semolina and pasta products, occupies about 4 to 5% of the area, and is predominantly grown in Central and Peninsular parts of India.

The organized wheat research in India is almost a century old. It was primarily initiated at the then Imperial Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Pusa, Bihar. During the sixties, the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi served as flagship of the Indian wheat programme. The All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement Project, initiated in 1965, was subsequently upgraded in 1978 of the status of the Project Directorate and later on was shifted to its present location at Karnal in 1990. Through coordinated research efforts more than 316 wheat varieties suited to different agro-ecological conditions and growing situations have been released so far. The packages of technology, services and public policies introduced since the beginning of the first Five Year Plan in 1950, the country has transformed itself from a "begging bowl" image to one which now occupies the second position in terms of wheat production and area in the world. The wheat production increased from a mere 12.5 million tons in 1964 to around 73 million tons in recent years. India has the capacity to become world leader in the production of wheat. The country has already overtaken the USA and attained the 76.4 million tons mark in 1999-2000. It is now realized that sustaining, the wheat productivity is essential to provide food security to the population of India, which by the year 2020 A.D. will be about 1.25 billion. The projected demand for wheat by the year 2020 A.D. will be 109 million tons and to achieve this, new technological advances are to be made. In the area of crop improvement emphasis would be to develop new genotypes that are responsive to high input management and capable of yielding beyond 7.0 t/ha.

The wheat growing area in the country is classified into six major zones. Based on the state wise acreage, currently, wheat is being grown on an area of over 27 million hectares. About 72% of the area falls in two mega zones comprising of NWPZ and NEPZ followed by 17% in CZ while NHZ, PZ and SHZ constitutes about 11% area. Out of the total wheat area, 82-85% falls under irrigated conditions while the rest is under rainfed agriculture. In the current wheat production level of 73 million tons, NWPZ alone produces about 56% followed by NEPZ (less than half of NWPZ) and Central zone. To arrive at potential production levels, current area and production levels, and persisting yield gaps were studied zone wise and region wise. Analysis of component wise yield gap helps in devising strategy to achieve the potential output level. It is important that these gaps are filled, assuming that there is little scope for area expansion due to constraints of land availability for agriculture owing to other requirements of the economy and crop competition with the agriculture. It is estimated that wheat production can be increased beyond 95 million tons if these gaps are bridged.

North eastern plains zone and central zone are capable of contributing significantly in future although north western plains continue to dominate in wheat production likely to increase further due to changes in food habits. Wheat is mostly consumed in the form of chapati in our country for which bread wheat is cultivated in nearly 95 per cent of the cropped area. Durum wheat, which is most suitable for making macaroni, noodles, semolina and pasta products, occupies about 4 to 5% of the area, and is predominantly grown in Central and Peninsular parts of India.

agri business

Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. It includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production (farming and contract farming), distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales.
Ray A. Goldberg coins the term agribusiness together with coauthor John H. Davis. They provided a rigorous economic framework for the field in their book A Concept of Agribusiness (Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1957). That seminal work traces a complex value-added chain that begins with the farmer's purchase of seed and livestock and ends with a product fit for the consumer's table.
The discipline of agribusiness is changing to market centric. All agents of the food and fiber value chain and those institutions that influence it are part of agribusiness system.
Agribusiness boundary expansion is driven by a variety of transaction costs. Nobel Prize recipients Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson showed how transaction costs push firms to innovate due to the increased costs of resources used for the creation of goods. The term transaction cost is frequently thought to have been coined by Ronald Coase, who used it to develop a theoretical framework for predicting when certain economic tasks would be performed by firms, and when they would be performed on the market.
According to Williamson, the determinants of transaction costs are frequency, specificity, uncertainty, limited rationality, and opportunistic behavior.
Argentine economist Manuel Alvarado Ledesma (CEMA University) explains the implications of institutions on agribusiness and writes that institutions are sets of rules, regulations, guidelines, codes and implied and express traditions which prevail in a society, which govern the relations among citizens, and also the relationship between the citizens with the government. He emphasizes that weak institutional environment allows for capricious tax, trade, pricing and investment policies by all governments to the point of creating business uncertainty. He also provides a thorough review of the empirical literature on contract farming, paying attention to broad implications for economic development. Alvarado Ledesma states that the discipline of agribusiness should contribute to the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity.
Within the agriculture industry, "agribusiness" is used simply as a portmanteau of agriculture and business, referring to the range of activities and disciplines encompassed by modern food production. There are academic degrees in and departments of agribusiness, agribusiness trade associations, agribusiness publications, and so forth, worldwide.
The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) operates a section devoted to Agribusiness Development^[1] which seeks to promote food industry growth in developing nations.
In the context of agribusiness management in academia, each individual element of agriculture production and distribution may be described as agribusinesses. However, the term "agribusiness" most often emphasizes the "interdependence" of these various sectors within the production chain.^[2]
Among critics of large-scale, industrialized, vertically integrated food production, the term agribusiness is used negatively, synonymous with corporate farming. As such, it is often contrasted with smaller family-owned farms.